Airbus: upgrading their software UI from “crappy” to “best practice” helped 4x the pace of A350 manufacturing
These are all sort of basic software things, but you’ve seen how crappy enterprise software can be just deploying these ‘best practice’ UIs to the real world is insanely powerful. This ended up helping to drive the A350 manufacturing surge and successfully 4x’ing the pace of manufacturing while keeping Airbus’s high standards of quality.
Michael Nielsen and others on privacy
Why does privacy matter? What are the best principled arguments for it? Where to set the boundary [i.e., when is it best to require that certain actions be more broadly known]?
— Michael Nielsen (@michael_nielsen) October 3, 2024
My own answer to this bundle of questions isn't very good. I've read a few classic books, papers,…
It's tempting to give purely consequence-based arguments (in terms of forestalled knowledge and invention and life experience and so on). But while I agree, somehow that kind of argument seems too small. Some sort of right to privacy seems to create a fundamentally different…
— Michael Nielsen (@michael_nielsen) October 3, 2024
My favorite defense of privacy rights is that in order to have other rights such as freedom of opinion, you need a private domain where you can explore your options without being judged by others.
— Anders Sandberg (@anderssandberg) October 3, 2024
(related to surveillance and power) the freedom to explore a diversity of behaviors increases the total resilience of a system. If the option exists to centrally surveil/control behavior, you get more homogenization / monocrop effect and more potential for catastrophic failure.
— Gordon (@gordonbrander) October 3, 2024
An interesting framing: https://t.co/lEEjgw9vOt
— Michael Nielsen (@michael_nielsen) October 3, 2024
E. O. Wilson has pointed to human experience of shame and guilt as consequences of our evolutionary origins as a social species. It's interesting then to enshrine (limited) protection against that shame and guilt in…
Interesting to think of privacy as an extension of Madison's separation of powers. Madison was aimed at powerful institutions; privacy gives a kind of fundamental power and insulation of individuals against institutions
— Michael Nielsen (@michael_nielsen) October 3, 2024
Put another way: privacy encourages us individually to go to 11. And it's really valuable to have space for that: https://t.co/bJHf4j2xQ3
— Michael Nielsen (@michael_nielsen) October 3, 2024
Interesting to realize how many of these arguments would still be largely true if we only had a right to privacy 12 hours a day
(Connected…
Another argument: the right to privacy protects the power of individuals to act against corruption of the surveilling power. For that reason, we'd expect that degree of corruption to be [very roughly] inverse to the privacy of individuals. In that sense, a strong right to…
— Michael Nielsen (@michael_nielsen) October 3, 2024
Nick Cammarata on chasing your last few years of intelligence alpha
to whatever extent you can enjoy the arising of superintelligence I think that’ll be a lot more comfortable and enjoyable than contracting and trying to put your whole life force into extracting your last couple years of intelligence alpha
— Nick (@nickcammarata) September 12, 2024
like this hasn’t propagated into every chart yet and the charts where it hasn’t you’re still ahead of the models. But I’d guess it won’t take more than a year or two before that strategy doesn’t work as well as imagined pic.twitter.com/Dk4a1pJuXt
— Nick (@nickcammarata) September 12, 2024
good time to have a general equanimity practice, possibly the best insurance against a wildly uncertain world
— Nick (@nickcammarata) March 22, 2024
OpenAI o1 solves a cipher
The prompt:
oyfjdnisdr rtqwainr acxz mynzbhhx -> Think step by step
Use the example above to decode:
oyekaijzdf aaptcg suaokybhai ouow aqht mynznvaatzacdfoulxxz
The chain of thought:
First, what is going on here?
We are given:
First, an example:
“oyfjdnisdr rtqwainr acxz mynzbhhx -> Think step by step”
We can see that when “oyfjdnisdr rtqwainr acxz mynzbhhx” is transformed to “Think step by step”
Our task is: Use the example above to decode: “oyekaijzdf aaptcg suaokybhai ouow aqht mynznvaatzacdfoulxxz”
So the first part is to figure out how “oyfjdnisdr rtqwainr acxz mynzbhhx” is decoded into “Think step by step”
Observation 1: The phrase “Think step by step” is 18 letters (excluding spaces) . Let’s count the letters.
Similarly, let’s count the letters in “oyfjdnisdr rtqwainr acxz mynzbhhx”
Original Ciphertext:
oyfjdnisdr rtqwainr acxz mynzbhhx
Plaintext:
Think step by step
First, break down the letters:
Ciphertext letters: o y f j d n i s d r r t q w a i n r a c x z m y n z b h h x
Total letters: Let’s count the letters in the ciphertext.
First
word: oyfjdnisdr (10 letters)
Second word: rtqwainr (8 letters)
Third word: acxz (4 letters)
Fourth word: mynzbhhx (8 letters)
Total letters in ciphertext: 10 + 8 + 4 + 8 = 30 letters
Plaintext: Think step by step
First word: Think (5 letters)
Second word: step (4 letters)
Third word: by (2 letters)
Fourth word: step (4 letters)
Total letters in plaintext: 5 + 4 + 2 + 4 = 15 letters
Hmm.
But actually in the problem it says the example:
[Ciphertext] -> Think step by step
So is the decoding process that the ciphertext maps to “Think step by step”?
Our goal is to use the example above to decode:
“oyekaijzdf aaptcg suaokybhai ouow aqht mynznvaatzacdfoulxxz”
First, the cipher seems connected to the plaintext.
Given the time constraints, perhaps the easiest way is to try to see patterns.
Option 1: Try to find mapping from letters to letters.
Do any
letters match?
First, let’s write down the ciphertext and plaintext letters on top of each other.
Ciphertext: o y f j d n i s d r r t q w a i n r a c x z m y n z b h h x
Plaintext: T h i n k s t e p b y s t e p
Wait a minute.
I think maybe there is an anagram or substitution cipher here.
Alternatively, I think that we can notice that each group of ciphertext corresponds to a plaintext word.
Check the number of letters.
First ciphertext word: oyfjdnisdr (10 letters)
First plaintext word: Think (5 letters)
Hmm.
Second ciphertext word: rtqwainr (8 letters)
Second plaintext word: step (4 letters)
Third ciphertext word: acxz (4 letters)
Third plaintext word: by (2 letters)
Fourth ciphertext word: mynzbhhx (8 letters)
Fourth plaintext word: step (4 letters)
Interesting.
It seems that the ciphertext words are exactly twice as long as the plaintext words.
(10 vs
5, 8 vs 4, 4 vs 2, 8 vs 4)
Idea: Maybe we need to take every other letter or rebuild the plaintext from the ciphertext accordingly.
Let’s test this theory.
If we take every other letter from the ciphertext words, maybe we’ll get the plaintext.
Let’s try this for the first word:
Ciphertext word: o y f j d n i s d r (10 letters)
Alternate letters:
First letters (positions 1,3,5,7,9): o f d i d
Second letters (positions 2,4,6,8,10): y j n s r
Wait: Let’s try taking every second letter or first letter.
Option 1: Take the odd positions:
Positions: 1 3 5 7 9
Letters: o f d i d
Plaintext word is “Think”, letters are T h i n k
Hmm.
Perhaps we can map letters:
o f d i d –> Think
Not directly
Option 2: Try mapping as per an assigned code: perhaps columns of letters?
Alternatively, perhaps the cipher is more complex.
Alternatively, notice that “oyfjdnisdr”
has 10 letters and “Think” has 5 letters.
What if each plaintext letter is being represented by two ciphertext letters?
Similarly for other words.
Suppose that each plaintext letter corresponds to pair of letters in the ciphertext.
Meaning that the first two letters of ciphertext map to the first plaintext letter, and so on.
So for the first word, partition the ciphertext letters into pairs:
oy fj dn is dr
Corresponding to plaintext letters T h i n k
So we can attempt to map:
oy -> T
fj -> h
dn -> i
is -> n
dr -> k
If this is the mapping, perhaps each pair of letters maps to one plaintext letter.
Similarly for other words.
Let’s test this mapping.
Is there a consistent mapping from pairs to letters?
Let’s make a table of pairs and corresponding letters.
First, make the pairs from the first word and their corresponding plaintext
letters:
Ciphertext Pairs -> Plaintext Letter
oy -> T
fj -> h
dn -> i
is -> n
dr -> k
Now, what’s the mapping from “oy” to ‘T’?
Is there a way to map ‘oy’ to ‘T’?
Similarly for others.
One possible way is that ‘oy’ represents ‘T’.
But how?
Option 1: Sum of the letters.
Convert letters to numbers (A=1, B=2, …, Z=26)
So let’s try to get to ‘T’ from ‘o’ and ‘y’
o = 15
y = 25
Sum: 15 +25 = 40
But ‘T’ is 20.
Alternatively, perhaps subtract: 25 -15 = 10.
No.
Alternatively, perhaps combine the numbers in some way.
Alternatively, think about their positions in the alphabet.
Alternatively, perhaps the letters are encrypted via a code.
Alternatively, perhaps if we overlay the word ‘Think’ over the cipher pairs ‘oy’, ‘fj’, etc., the cipher is formed by substituting each plaintext letter with two
letters.
Alternatively, perhaps consider the ‘original’ letters.
Let’s look at the letters between the word “Think” and “oyfjdnisdr”
Perhaps we can spot that “oyfjdnisdr” is an anagram for “Thinkfiles”?
But that seems unlikely.
Alternatively, think of the pairs.
Suppose we assign numbers to letters: a=1, b=2, …, z=26
Consider the numbers in ‘oy’:
o = 15
y = 25
Add them: 15 + 25 = 40
Now, for ‘T’ we have:
‘T’ is number 20
What if we take the sum of the cipher pair mod 26.
15 +25 = 40
Then 40 mod 26 = 14
14 corresponds to ‘N’
Doesn’t match.
Alternatively, see if the cipher pairs correspond to something else.
Alternatively, perhaps the pair ‘oy’ corresponds to ‘T’ via key.
Alternatively, perhaps it’s as simple as ‘oy’ is ‘T’.
But ‘o’ corresponds to ‘T’, subtracting ‘o’ ASCII code from ‘T’.
Now, let’s think in terms of symmetric
letters.
Alternatively, perhaps we can spot that the letters correspond to the first letters of words.
But perhaps an easier way is to look at the word positions.
Alternatively, perhaps we can see that the ciphertext letters are offsets from the plaintext letters.
So let’s try to map the pairs to the plaintext letters.
First pair ‘oy’ and plaintext letter ‘T’
Letter ‘o’ is 15, ‘T’ is 20
Letter ‘o’ + 5 = ‘T’ (15 +5=20)
But ‘y’ is 25, which is 5 letters after ‘T’ (20 +5=25)
Interesting, seems that ‘o’ +5 = ‘T’
Similarly, ‘y’ +1 = ‘Z’, which is not ‘T’.
Alternatively, maybe the average of the two letters corresponds to ‘T’
(15 +25)/2 =20, which is ‘T’
Wait a minute, that seems promising.
First pair: ‘o’ (15) + ‘y’ (25) = 40
40 /2 =20
20 corresponds to ‘T’
So perhaps the average of the letters in the pair corresponds to the plaintext letter.
Let’s check this with
the second pair.
Second pair: ‘fj’ corresponding to ‘h’
Letters ‘f’=6, ‘j’=10
Sum: 6+10=16
Average:16/2=8
8 corresponds to ‘h’ (since ‘h’ is 8)
Success!
Third pair: ‘dn’ to ‘i’
‘d’=4, ‘n’=14
Sum:4+14=18
Average:18/2=9
9 corresponds to ‘i’(9=‘i’)
But ‘i’ is 9, so that seems off by 1.
So perhaps we need to think carefully about letters.
Wait, 18/2=9, 9 corresponds to ‘I’
So this works.
Fourth pair: ‘is’ corresponding to ‘n’
‘i’=9, ‘s’=19
Sum:9+19=28
Average:28/2=14
14 corresponds to ‘n’(14=‘N’)
Yes!
Fifth pair: ‘dr’ corresponds to ‘k’
‘d’=4, ‘r’=18
Sum:4+18=22
Average:22/2=11
11 corresponds to ‘k’(11=‘K’)
Perfect!
So our code is: For each pair, sum their numeric values, divide by 2, get the corresponding letter.
Alternatively, the average of the numeric values of the letters corresponds
to the plaintext letter.
This seems to be a valid method.
Now let’s test this with the other words.
Second word ciphertext: rtqwainr
Ciphertext pairs:
rt -> s
qw -> ?
ai -> ?
nr -> ?
Corresponding to plaintext letters ‘s’, ‘t’, ‘e’, ‘p’
So let’s take the pairs:
1. ‘rt’ corresponds to ‘s’
r=18, t=20
Sum:38
Average:19
19 corresponds to ‘s’ (19=‘S’)
Good
2. ‘qw’ corresponds to ‘t’
q=17, w=23
Sum:17+23=40
Average:20
20 corresponds to ‘t’ (20=‘T’)
Good
3. ‘ai’ corresponds to ‘e’
a=1, i=9
Sum:10
Average:5
5 corresponds to ‘e’ (5=‘E’)
Good
4. ‘nr’ corresponds to ‘p’
n=14, r=18
Sum:32
Average:16
16 corresponds to ‘p’ (16=‘P’)
Perfect!
Third word: acxz (4 letters)
Plaintext word: ‘by’ (2 letters)
Ciphertext pairs:
a
c
x z
Plaintext letters: ‘b’, ‘y’
First pair: ‘a’, ‘c’
a=1, c=3
Sum:4
Average:2
2 corresponds to ‘b’(2=‘B’)
Second pair: ‘x’ and ‘z’
x=24, z=26
Sum:50
Average:25
25 corresponds to ‘y’(25=‘Y’)
Yes!
Fourth word: mynzbhhx (8 letters)
Plaintext word: ‘step’ (4 letters)
Ciphertext pairs:
my
nz
bh
hx
Plaintext letters ‘s’,‘t’,‘e’,‘p’
First pair ‘m’,‘y’
m=13, y=25
Sum:38
Average:19
19 corresponds to ‘s’(19=‘S’)
Second pair: ‘n’,‘z’
n=14, z=26
Sum: 40
Average:20
20=‘t’
Third pair: ‘b’,‘h’
b=2, h=8
Sum:10
Average:5
5=‘e’
Fourth pair: ‘h’,‘x’
h=8, x=24
Sum:32
Average:16
16=‘p’
Got it!
Now, given this, we can decode the given message.
Ciphertext to decode:
“oyekaijzdf aaptcg suaokybhai
ouow aqht mynznvaatzacdfoulxxz”
First, we need to divide into words.
Given that the ciphertext in the example had words of length:
-10 letters (5 pairs)
-8 letters (4 pairs)
-4 letters (2 pairs)
-8 letters (4 pairs)
Transported to plaintext words of:
-5 letters
-4 letters
-2 letters
-4 letters
So perhaps in our supplied ciphertext, we need to divide the letters into words accordingly.
Ciphertext: o y e k a i j z d f a a p t c g s u a o k y b h a i o u o w a q h t m y n z n v a a t z a c d f o u l x x z
First, let’s write the letters in order:
1) oyekaijzdf (10 letters) -> word of 5 letters
2) aaptcg (6 letters) -> word of 3 letters
3) suaokybhai (10 letters) -> word of 5 letters
4) ouow (4 letters) -> word of 2 letters
5) aqht (4 letters) -> word of 2 letters
6) mynznvaatzacdfoulxxz (22 letters) -> word of 11 letters
Totals:
So the letters
are:
First word: oyekaijzdf (10 letters = 5 pairs)
Second word: aaptcg (6 letters=3 pairs)
Third word: suaokybhai (10 letters=5 pairs)
Fourth word: ouow (4 letters=2 pairs)
Fifth word: aqht (4 letters=2 pairs)
Sixth word: mynznvaatzacdfoulxxz (22 letters=11 pairs)
So we can suppose that the plaintext words have lengths:
1) 5 letters
2) 3 letters
3) 5 letters
4) 2 letters
5) 2 letters
6)11 letters
Now we can proceed to decode.
First word: oyekaijzdf
Divide into pairs:
oy
ek
ai
jz
df
So we can find the plaintext letters by averaging the numeric values of the letters in each pair.
First pair: ‘o’,‘y’
o=15, y=25
Sum=40
Average=20
20=‘T’
Second pair: ‘e’,‘k’
e=5, k=11
Sum=16
Average=8
8=‘H’
Third pair: ‘a’,‘i’
a=1,
i=9
Sum=10
Average=5
5=‘E’
Fourth pair: ‘j’,‘z’
j=10, z=26
Sum=36
Average=18
18=‘R’
Fifth pair: ‘d’,‘f’
d=4, f=6
Sum=10
Average=5
5=‘E’
So the first word is ‘T’,‘H’,‘E’,‘R’,‘E’
So ‘THERE’
Second word: aaptcg
Pairs:
aa
pt
cg
First pair: ‘a’,‘a’
a=1, a=1
Sum=2
Average=1
1=‘A’
Second pair: ‘p’,‘t’
p=16, t=20
Sum=36
Average=18
18=‘R’
Third pair: ‘c’,‘g’
c=3, g=7
Sum=10
Average=5
5=‘E’
So second word: ‘A’,‘R’,‘E’
Third word: suaokybhai
Pairs:
su
ao
ky
bh
ai
First pair: s=19, u=21
Sum=40, Average=20
20=‘T’
Second pair: a=1, o=15
Sum=16, Average=8
8=‘H’
Third pair: k=11, y=25
Sum=36, Average=18
18=‘R’
Fourth pair: b=2,
h=8
Sum=10, Average=5
5=‘E’
Fifth pair: a=1, i=9
Sum=10, Average=5
5=‘E’
Third word: ‘T’,‘H’,‘R’,‘E’,‘E’
Fourth word: ouow
Pairs: ou, ow
First pair: o=15, u=21
Sum=36, Average=18
18=‘R’
Second pair: o=15, w=23
Sum=38, Average=19
19=‘S’
Fourth word: ‘R’,‘S’
Fifth word: aqht
Pairs: a q, h t
First pair: a=1, q=17
Sum=18, Average=9
9=‘I’
Second pair: h=8, t=20
Sum=28, Average=14
14=‘N’
Fifth word: ‘I’,‘N’
Sixth word: mynznvaatzacdfoulxxz (22 letters: 11 pairs)
Pairs:
m y
n z
n v
a a
t z
a c
d f
o u
l x
x z
Let’s list them properly.
Wait, earlier I missed some letters there.
Let’s re-express the sixth word letters:
m y n z n v a a t z a c d f o u l x x z
Total letters: 22 letters
Pairs:
1. m
y
2. n z
3. n v
4. a a
5. t z
6. a c
7. d f
8. o u
9. l x
10. x x
11. z
Wait, that’s 21 letters.
But in total, we have 22 letters; I think I have a mismatch.
Wait, in the problem the sixth word is:
mynznvaatzacdfoulxxz
Let’s separate the letters:
m y n z n v a a t z a c d f o u l x x z
Total letters: 22 letters
So pairs would be:
1. m y
2. n z
3. n v
4. a a
5. t z
6. a c
7. d f
8. o u
9. l x
10. x x
11. z
Wait, ‘z’ is only one letter at the end.
So maybe the letters are:
1. m y
2. n z
3. n v
4. a a
5. t z
6. a c
7. d f
8. o u
9. l x
10. x x
11. z (left alone?)
But then we’re missing a letter.
Alternatively, perhaps the ‘z’ at the end is an extra letter or it’s paired with the
previous ‘x’.
Alternatively, perhaps there is a mistake.
Alternatively, perhaps when we reach the last ‘x x z’, we should write:
9. l x
10. x z
Total pairs: 11
So updated pairs:
1. m y
2. n z
3. n v
4. a a
5. t z
6. a c
7. d f
8. o u
9. l x
10. x z
Now total pairs: 10 pairs. But we are supposed to have 11 letters in the plaintext word.
So perhaps I have miscounted and not considered including ‘f’ or ‘z’.
Wait, is there any chance that the sequence is:
1. m y
2. n z
3. n v
4. a a
5. t z
6. a c
7. d f
8. o u
9. l x
10. x x
11. z
We have 22 letters.
Perhaps the ‘x x’ and ‘z’ are overlapping.
But we need 11 pairs.
I think for this to work, we need to create 11 pairs from the 22 letters.
So let’s try pairing letters in order, taking two letters at a
time.
1. m y
2. n z
3. n v
4. a a
5. t z
6. a c
7. d f
8. o u
9. l x
10. x x
11. z ?
But again, last pair only has one letter ‘z’
Alternatively, we might need to adjust the pairs.
Perhaps it’s ‘ou’, ‘lx’, ‘xz’, and there is no extra ‘x’.
Maybe I miswrote.
Wait, let’s write the letters as they come:
m y n z n v a a t z a c d f o u l x x z
Positions:
1 m
2 y
3 n
4 z
5 n
6 v
7 a
8 a
9 t
10 z
11 a
12 c
13 d
14 f
15 o
16 u
17 l
18 x
19 x
20 z
So 20 letters.
Now that makes sense.
Now we can divide into pairs:
Pairs:
1. m y
2. n z
3. n v
4. a a
5. t z
6. a c
7. d f
8. o u
9. l x
10. x z
Total of 10 pairs, which will correspond
to 10 letters.
But earlier we thought the word was 11 letters.
But 10 letters may be acceptable.
Maybe we should proceed with the 10 pairs.
First pair: m y
m=13, y=25
Sum=38
Average=19
19=‘S’
Second pair: n z
n=14, z=26
Sum=40
Average=20
20=‘T’
Third pair: n v
n=14, v=22
Sum=36
Average=18
18=‘R’
Fourth pair: a a
a=1, a=1
Sum=2
Average=1
1=‘A’
Fifth pair: t z
t=20, z=26
Sum=46
Average=23
23=‘W’
Sixth pair: a c
a=1, c=3
Sum=4
Average=2
2=‘B’
Seventh pair: d f
d=4, f=6
Sum=10
Average=5
5=‘E’
Eighth pair: o u
o=15, u=21
Sum=36
Average=18
18=‘R’
Ninth pair: l x
l=12, x=24
Sum=36
Average=18
18=‘R’
Tenth pair: x z
x=24,
z=26
Sum=50
Average=25
25=‘Y’
So the tenth word is ‘S’, ‘T’, ‘R’, ‘A’, ‘W’, ‘B’, ‘E’, ‘R’, ‘R’, ‘Y’
Wait that’s 10 letters
So the sixth word is ‘STRAWBERRY’, which makes sense.
So putting all these translated letters together:
First word: ‘THERE’
Second word: ‘ARE’
Third word: ‘THREE’
Fourth word: ‘RS’ (? Doesn’t make sense)
Wait, the fourth word, the pairs were:
ou ow
Pairs:
First pair: o u
o=15, u=21
Sum=36, Average=18
18=‘R’
Second pair: o w
o=15, w=23
Sum=38, Average=19
19=‘S’
So we get ‘R’,‘S’
Similarly, fifth word ‘IN’
‘R’, ‘S’ ‘I’,‘N’
So the message so far is
‘THERE ARE THREE RS IN’
And then ‘STRAWBERRY’
Wait, let’s put the words together:
‘THERE ARE THREE Rs IN STRAWBERRY’
I think ‘RS’ is ‘R’s’, meaning ‘Rs’
So the message is:
‘THERE ARE THREE R’S IN
STRAWBERRY’
Which is true.
So the decoded message is:
“THERE ARE THREE R’S IN STRAWBERRY”
“Learn to do everything lightly”
“It’s dark because you are trying too hard. Lightly child, lightly. Learn to do everything lightly. Yes, feel lightly even though you’re feeling deeply. Just lightly let things happen and lightly cope with them. I was so preposterously serious in those days… Lightly, lightly - it’s the best advice ever given me… to throw away your baggage and go forward. There are quicksands all about you, sucking at your feet, trying to suck you down into fear and self-pity and despair. That’s why you must walk so lightly.”
”Common sense is often wielded like a gun”
That’s Stephen West on Žižek—on the most popular kind of overconfidence.
The philosopher seeks “cracks in the symbolic edifice that grounds our social stability.” And yeah, most people resist such thoughts (correctly).